Bad raptor: vultures among world's least loved animals

Vultures have an image problem.

Seen as ugly and associated with death, the large social raptors - which live on every continent except Antarctica and Australia - are among the least loved animals in the world.

But conservationists in Africa are trying to change that.

They've launched an effort to save endangered vultures by trying to put a dollar figure on their incredible value.

A recent report by the BirdLife International conservation organisation estimated vultures were worth $US1.8 billion ($A2.9 billion) a year to certain ecosystems in southern Africa, which might surprise anyone not familiar with the clean-up, pest control and anti-poaching work performed by one of the most efficient scavengers on the planet.

"They are not up there on the pretty scale and they are not popular, but we know they are very useful," BirdLife International extinction prevention co-ordinator Fadzai Matsvimbo said.

The report comes at an important time for Africa's vultures - six of the 11 species found on the continent are listed as endangered or critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, which says vultures are highly threatened in many parts of the world.

In Africa, some species have declined by almost 90 per cent, Matsvimbo said.

Conservationists hope the report will make authorities and the public more aware of the positive impact of vultures.

It focused on research in Botswana, Zambia and Zimbabwe and shows how a wake of vultures - the term for a group of feeding vultures - can strip a decomposing carcass in hours, clean up ecosystems and reduce the chance of disease spreading and the presence of pests such as rats and feral dogs.

Vultures also have extremely strong stomach acid, don't get food poisoning and are able to consume and neutralise anthrax, botulism and other bacteria and toxins in carcasses that would kill other animals, removing deadly threats from the environment.

This week alone, more than 50 hippos died from suspected anthrax poisoning in a reserve in Congo.

Vultures are nature's "best sanitation services", Matsvimbo said.

Conservationists have raised the case of the drastic loss of vultures in India during the past 30 years and how that led to a health crisis.

A study published in 2024 said half a million people died in India because of the spread of bacteria and infections in the absence of vultures.

Matsvimbo said vultures in Africa are also used as "sentinels" by game rangers because they are often the first to spot a dead animal and can lead rangers to where poachers might be active.

They have even proven useful in helping farmers locate dead or injured livestock.

Vultures are unique among land vertebrates in that they only feed on carrion - dead animals. That makes them especially susceptible to poisoning by humans - intentionally by poachers and others who want to get rid of them or by mistake when pests are the target.

Hundreds of vultures can die from a single poisoned carcass.

Vultures are also regularly killed or maimed in collisions with powerlines in Africa. And they are increasingly being killed for belief-based reasons, said Kerri Wolter, the CEO of the Vulpro vulture rehabilitation centre in South Africa, which treats sick and injured vultures to be released back into the wild.

Because vultures had such outstanding eyesight and instincts when it came to finding a dead animal, Wolter said they were viewed by some as being clairvoyant and able to foresee death.

Their body parts, and especially their head, are used in potions or as charms to predict the future.

"Our work is to change the mindsets of people - for them to see vultures and think, wow that is amazing," Wolter said.

Matsvimbo and Wolter said vultures had been given a raw deal by filmmakers in Hollywood, where they were almost always shown as evil and sinister.

Movies have done for vultures what Jaws did for sharks, Wolter said.

"I love watching The Lion King, but every time they do the vulture part, my heart breaks," said Matsvimbo.

"Vultures are never portrayed in a positive way. I have a bone to chew with these moviemakers.

"Or should that be bone to pick?"